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Calendar
of events
Rigaku will be attending the following conferences in
the coming months:
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APS
Users Meeting, Argonne, IL, May 5-9
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ICCBM12
(International Conference on the Crystallization of Biological
Macromolecules), Cancun, Mexico, May 6-9
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Sealy Center for
Structural Biology Symposium, Galveston, TX, May 16-17
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Mid-Atlantic
Macromolecular Crystallography Meeting, Chapel Hill, NC, May
22-24
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CSC
(Canadian Society for Chemistry), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May
24-28
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ACA
(American Crystallographic Association), Knoxville, TN, May
31-June 5
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ICDD:
Fundamentals of X-ray Powder Diffraction, Newtown Square,
PA, June 2-6
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ICDD:
Advanced Methods in X-ray Powder Diffraction, Newtown
Square, PA, June 9-13
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Bio
International Convention, San Diego, CA, June 17-20
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10th
Northwest Crystallography Workshop, Eugene, OR, June 20-22
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Diffraction
Methods in Structural Biology Gordon Conference, Lewiston,
ME, July 13-18
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Semicon
West, San Francisco, CA, July 15-17
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PRChem
2008, Puerto Rico, July 27-Aug 2
Full listing of conferences
Rigaku will attend in 2008
Training Sessions
Rigaku is pleased to announce the
following training sessions in 2008: All
classes are held at Rigaku's applications laboratory in The Woodlands,
TX. 
>>>
Click here for more information
Introducing
Supermini™ —
the first high-power benchtop WDXRF spectrometer
Representing the next stage in the evolution of Rigaku's
unique and historic line of "mini" X-ray instrumentation,
the new Rigaku Supermini was designed to deliver high-precision,
non-destructive analysis of elements from fluorine (F) through
uranium (U) in solids, liquids, powders, and thin films. The
Rigaku Supermini delivers performance and value in a compact package
that has heretofore not been available in a commercial XRF elemental
analyzer. Perfect for certifying compliance with WEEE/RoHS & ELV
directives, the Rigaku Supermini affords superior reproducibility at
the low concentration levels common to today's applications.
Recently shown at PITTCON 2008 in New Orleans, LA, the new Rigaku
Supermini is offered as a compact sequential WDXRD that is both a
cost-effective and high-precision, high-resolution alternative to
energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technology. This benchtop WDXRF
employs three analyzing crystals, two detectors, a 12-position
sample changer and a choice of analysis in an air, vacuum or helium
(He) atmosphere. An air-cooled 50 kV, 200W tube provides exceptional
light element performance and does not require external cooling.
Rigaku Supermini fits between the low-cost Rigaku
Primini® 50W
benchtop sequential WDXRF spectrometer and the high-power Rigaku ZSX
Primus "mainframe" sequential WDXRF spectrometer. The
Supermini is part of the broadest line of laboratory XRF instruments
available today, which affords Rigaku the ability to provide an
optimized high-value analytical solution for every conceivable XRF
application. As with all Rigaku XRF
instruments, the Rigaku
Supermini is equipped with exceptionally powerful yet easy-to-use
software, featuring: multiple sample handling, flowbar based
application building, fundamental parameters (FP) and the EZ scan
measurement user interface. Software options include: SQX software
with FP, theoretical overlap correction, matching library, phase
identification, glass bead correction and remote diagnostics.
Rigaku
Automation open house
On April 3rd, Rigaku Automation
hosted their third annual Open House at their facilities in
Carlsbad, CA. Twenty-four companies, universities, and core labs from around the
world turned out.
Craig Sterling started the day with an overview of
the entire CrystalMation™ platform. After the presentations,
attendees were divided into groups of six and were given the
opportunity to attend hands-on demonstrations of the core
technologies in the CrystalMation platform: CrystalTrak software,
the Phoenix™
RE, the Alchemist
II, the Minstrel
HT, the Desktop
Minstrel and the Desktop Minstrel
UV. Each group was given the
opportunity to work with each of the stations.
After the hands-on
portion concluded, attendees were taken to The Scripps Research
Institute for a complete tour of the full CrystalMation system in
operation at the Joint Center for Structural Genomics. Dinner was
held at the Beach House restaurant in Cardiff-by-the-Sea. With great food and drinks on hand, the event was thoroughly
enjoyed by all in attendance! We look forward to next year! >>>
Learn more
about Rigaku's automation products
S-SAD
using Cr radiation: Another success story James Liu, of the National Laboratory of
Biomacromolecule, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and
BC Wang, of the SECSG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Georgia report the crystal structure of a novel non-Pfam
protein AF1514 from Archeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304 solved by S-SAD using a
Cr X-ray source in the online journal Proteins, Structure, Function
and Bioinformatics. The structure consists of 87 residues with 2
cysteines and 1 methionine, from which the structure was phased. This is the
first Cr-SAD structure from James' lab since he took responsibility for it
from Zihe Rao and we expect to seem many more.
SmartLab®
application byte
In recent years, air purification and water decomposition using
photocatalysts has become an active area of research and, in particular, oxide
semiconductors are promising materials for photocatalysts because they hardly change even
when used under severe atmospheric conditions. Zinc oxide, ZnO, is currently attracting attention as an
environment-conscious material with photocatalytic activity. Its direct band
gap energy at room temperature is 3.37 eV .
The reason for its behavior is thought to be related
to its characteristic surface structure and the crystallite size. Using data obtained from
X-ray diffraction measurements, the crystallite size distribution can be easily analyzed.
In this example, ZnO crystals are heated for one hour in oxygen gas at 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C.
The Cu Kα lines of the heated ZnO crystals are
measured using the focusing beam X-ray optical
system on Rigaku's SmartLab multipurpose
diffractometer to obtain diffraction profiles that can be analyzed to obtain the
crystallite size distribution.
The 110 diffraction line has a suitable intensity for analysis and does not
overlap with any other reflections. The diffraction line width becomes
narrower as the processing temperature increases, revealing that the
crystallite size becomes larger qualitatively.
>>> Click here
for more information
What's
new?
What's new at
www.Rigaku.com:
4/21/2008 CrystalClear
1.4.0 SP1 now available
03/03/2008 Rigaku postdoc
bursary program for 2008 announced
02/27/2008 XRF
training session announced
02/14/2008 The March 2008 macromolecular
training class is now filled
02/11/2008 New customer document: CCD
FAQ (customer ID required)
01/28/2008 Job
postings updated
Take our
survey to express your opinion about the Rigaku web site
One
newsletter or two?
We are considering dividing the
Rigaku quarterly letter into two editions, one for Life Sciences and one for
Materials Analysis (i.e. one for protein/automation and one for XRD, XRF and
small molecule). Please let us know your thoughts by entering
your preference below.
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A word from our
president: Some
things never change, but thankfully, some things do.
 My great-great-great grandfather, Judge John Brown,
was born in 1800 and is remembered in our family because he kept a
detailed diary of his life during the period 1852-1865. He
chronicled the day-to-day activities of raising 10 children, working
as a farmer and lawyer, and most interestingly, the lead up to and
culmination of the American Civil War. Fifty years ago a distant
relative transcribed the diary using a typewriter. My new hobby is
digitizing the typewritten version using a scanner and OCR
software and using Google to annotate the historical aspects of the
diary.
It is interesting to note the things that will
probably never change, as it helps to put everyday life into context.
Like most fathers, he worried about the quality of the man who
married his first daughter. Even though the man was a trained lawyer
and had a nice bank account, Judge Brown was highly concerned about
the younger generation and their lack of commitment to hard work. He
worried about the candidates running for political office and the
fact that there never seemed to be any high quality candidates from
any political party. In spite of the worthlessness of the succeeding
generations and the horrible group of elected officials,
civilization somehow managed to muddle along for another 150
years. Perhaps there is hope for us yet.
But some things do change and perhaps the biggest
contrast he chronicles is the change in medicine. Of course he
didn't realize he was doing this but his descriptions of family
illnesses and the treatments that were administered make you glad to
live in the modern world. One of the most common ingredients in the
medicine of his day appears to be different forms of mercury. If he
was sick for more than a couple of days he would take a "Blue
Mass" pill which contains a large amount of mercury; Abraham
Lincoln is thought to have suffered a number of mental conditions
due to a large intake of Blue Mass. If someone in the family was
constipated he gave them calomel (dimercury dichloride), a drug that
is suspected of contributing to the premature death of George
Washington. If a baby was sick they received a mercury/chalk
mixture. And if all else failed, he would administer a glass of
turpentine.
Based on my lineage, perhaps it is a good thing that
I didn't have the grades necessary to get into medical school: the
world is indeed a safer place.
Paul N. Swepston
Visit
the Rigaku booth at the ACA meeting in Knoxville
Rigaku will be exhibiting at this year's ACA in Knoxville,
Tennessee. Please drop by the Rigaku booth, #101, to see the latest in crystallographic hardware and software. On display will be automation systems
(Alchemist™
II, Desktop Minstrel™
UV, and ACTOR™ accessories), our benchtop XRD and small molecule systems
(MiniFlex™
II XRD system and SCXmini™ small molecule system), the new
Saturn 944+ 18-bit CCD detector, X-ray optics and accessories such as
MtGUI and the Proteros® Free Mounting®
System.
Rigaku employees will be available to show you the systems that spark your interest and to conduct software demonstrations on
2DP, CrystalClear™,
d*TREK®, CrystalTrak™ and
MIFit+.
During the poster sessions the Alchemist II will display its versatility in liquid handling by serving up its famous Alchetini cocktails!
Sunday, June 1st, Rigaku will hold a "Lunch and Learn" at noon in the convention center, featuring presentations by
Tom McNulty ("Diverse Applications with the RAPID II Curved Imaging Plate Diffraction System"), Angela
Criswell ("Expanding the Crystallographers Toolkit: New Tools for
Your Structure Solution Pipeline"), and Craig Sterling
("The New Desktop Minstrel UV with Clean Light
Technology"). Everyone is welcome! Please RSVP to
Michelle
Goodwin to ensure your lunch accommodations.
Everyone is invited to the 23rd Annual Rigaku Fun Run/Walk, which will take place at World Fair Park on Monday, June 2, 2008 at 7 a.m. Refreshments, prizes and t-shirts will be given away after the event. The
Fun
Run Waiver can be filled out prior to or at the event.
Rigaku employees are involved in the following presentations
during the conference:
|
Date
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Time
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Authors
|
Title (click for abstract)
|
Presentation
|
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Sunday, June 1
|
8:20 a.m. |
Lee Daniels |
Joint SIG Sessions: Introduction to Modulated Structures |
13.01 |
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4:30-6:30 p.m. |
Jian Xu, Craig Sterling, Michael Willis
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Poster: Desktop Minstrel UV: A Novel Protein Crystal Monitoring Automation
System, Using UV Fluorescence Microscopy
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SP174 (W0420)
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Monday, June 2
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5:30-7:30 p.m. |
Angela Criswell, Amber Dowell, Robert Bolotovsky, Cheng Yang, Jim
Pflugrath
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Poster: Automated Sample Handling, Data Collection and Structure Solution
with ACTOR
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MP082 (W0327)
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Tuesday, June 3
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5:30-7:30 p.m. |
Mark Pressprich
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Poster: New Algorithms for Single Crystal Photometry
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TP152 (W0343)
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Wednesday, June 4
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8:30 a.m.
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James Pflugrath
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Macromolecular Crystal Diffraction Data Collection: Opinions about
Best Practices
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01.05.01 (W0320)
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11:00 a.m.
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Kris Tesh, Angela Criswell, Licai Jiang, Bret Simpson, Boris
Verman, Cheng Yang, Joseph Ferrara
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New Optics for Macromolecular Crystallography
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03.01.04 (W0390)
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Stay apprised of Rigaku's
activities at ACA at our web site. We hope to see you in Knoxville!
Desktop
Minstrel UV and CrystalMation win prize for Most
Innovative New Technology at ELRIG
 Rigaku
Americas Corporation is pleased to announce the receipt of the
"Most Innovative New Technology" award for the Desktop
Minstrel UV ultraviolet crystal imaging and analysis system and CrystalMation
automated crystallization system at the ELRIG
Protein Crystallography Conference, held in Cambridge, U.K. on
April 1, 2008.
Rigaku Desktop Minstrel UV is the world's first
fully automated ultraviolet (UV) imaging and protein crystal
monitoring system that uses ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF)
microscopy. Engineered and optimized for use in protein
crystallization experiments, this new instrument is a major advance
over previous visible light microscopy techniques because its UVF
technology can easily distinguishing protein crystals from
non-protein crystals (such as salt). The system is bundled with
advanced CrystalTrak
software for automatic imaging of crystallization experiments;
furthermore, it links the acquired images with crystallization
conditions in a SQL relational database, providing a complete
virtual crystallization laboratory.
Rigaku CrystalMation is a fully integrated platform
for protein crystallization, automating every step from custom
screen making to crystallization trial imaging and analysis. Modular
design means that CrystalMation systems can be configured to meet a
wide range of requirements and evolve as needs change. Each of the
innovative workstations is available as a stand-alone instrument or
in combination with one or more additional components.
>>> Click here for more information
50th
ACTOR™ robot installed
Rigaku Americas Corporation is pleased to announce
the sale of the 50th Rigaku ACTOR
robotic protein crystal handling system to the Medical Research
Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, UK. The
system was chosen by the MRC as an upgrade for their in-house X-ray
diffraction facilities and in support of crystallographic studies
carried out in the laboratory, which seek to understand the
structure, function and interactions of biologically important
molecules at the atomic, molecular and supra-molecular level. A
significant milestone for Rigaku, sale of the 50th ACTOR will be
marked by a special commemorative plaque affixed to the exterior of
the instrument. Dr. Andrew Leslie, Group Leader for structural
studies of macromolecular complexes within the Division of
Structural Studies, commented, "I'm personally delighted that
we are getting the 50th system, congratulations to all
concerned!"
As the world's first commercial robotic system for
automated crystal sample mounting and storage, ACTOR eliminates much
of the physical handling of samples by crystallographers required
during routine screening and data collection either in the lab or at
the beamline. It is an automated system designed to store frozen
protein crystals, mount them sequentially, align them to the X-ray
beam, collect complete data sets, and return the crystals to
storage.
The ACTOR automated crystal mounting and data
collection technology was co-developed by Rigaku with Oceaneering
Space Systems (OSS), a division of Oceaneering International, Inc.,
under a license from Abbott®
Laboratories for the purpose of
offering a commercial high-throughput crystallography automation
system. Astex™ Therapeutics Ltd. (Cambridge, UK) purchased the
first ACTOR system in 2001. In 2002, the Rigaku ACTOR was honored
with an R&D 100 Award for technical innovation. In 2005, Rigaku
introduced a version of robot for small molecule chemical
crystallography called the ACTOR
SM.
Rigaku continues to
dominate home lab PDB submissions
|
A revised
survey of the PDB1 shows that Rigaku generators
and detectors continue to provide the highest level of
productivity for crystallographers collecting data and
solving protein structures in a home laboratory environment.
X-ray crystal structure data were compiled and analyzed for
years from 2003 through 2006, the last year for which
released deposits are essentially complete. All data were
employed, including incidences where multiple sources and
detectors were employed for a reported structure.
In 2006, users
deposited 875 structures from data collected with Rigaku
detectors and 953 structures from Rigaku generators. Of the
5,924 X-ray structure deposits for 2006, 4,671 (79%) were
from data collected at beamlines. During the period studied,
overall submissions grew at a 13.5% Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR). Trends for 2007 look similar but with an
average time from submission to release of five months,
accurate statistics for 2007 will not be available until
next year.
Further
analysis of the data revealed other reasons to be proud of
Rigaku's continuing contribution to basic research in
structural biology. For submissions where home laboratory
X-ray source equipment was employed, Rigaku commanded an 88%
share of citations for 2006. For non-beamline data, Rigaku
lead with a 55% citation share for detectors. |
2006 PDB home laboratory
source citation distribution by vendor
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2003-2006 PDB home
laboratory detector citation distribution by vendor
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Since 1996, the productivity share for Rigaku has been increasing
steadily. In the most recent four-year period, for home lab source
submission citations, Rigaku showed a 7.6% CAGR, contrasted
with negative growth by the next closest competitor (-3.3% CAGR)
over the same period. Even more impressive is the finding that, for
home lab detector submissions, Rigaku showed a 14.1% CAGR over the
2003-2006 period. Again, this is juxtaposed against our next closest
competitor showing a -2.0% CAGR over the same period. In all, the
findings reinforce the position of Rigaku as the #1 provider of home
lab X-ray instrumentation for protein and macromolecular
crystallography, as well as the industry leader for consistently
delivering superior home laboratory productivity.
1H.M.Berman,
J.Westbrook, Z.Feng, G.Gilliland, T.N.Bhat, H.Weissig,
I.N.Shindyalov, P.E.Bourne, The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids
Research, 28 pp. 235-242 (2000).
>>> Click here for more information
Introducing
the RAPID™ II curved detector X-ray diffraction (XRD) system
A new, compact, fully-integrated high-resolution
X-ray diffractometer system, the RAPID II, has just been introduced
by Rigaku. Incorporating the latest member of the RAPID family of
large area curved imaging plate (IP) detectors, the Rigaku RAPID II
combines every component needed for a high performance X-ray
diffraction system delivering no-compromise performance for
applications spanning from applied crystallography to chemical
crystallography. Typical applications include: high-resolution
charge density measurement, micro-diffraction, diffuse scattering,
measurement of weakly diffracting disordered materials, small
molecule crystallography, wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), stress
and texture measurements, as well as general purpose powder
diffraction.
Central to the performance of the Rigaku RAPID II is
the new 2DP software that delivers the extraordinary power of
project-based batch processing of two dimensional (2D) X-ray
diffraction data. This capability allows manipulation of multiple
images at the same time with various analytical protocols. In
addition to general 2D intensity image processing, the software
provides for: the integration of single crystal diffraction
patterns, display and automatic calculation of stress and texture
data, as well as line and azimuthal integration for general purpose
powder diffraction.
RAPID II is so versatile that it can replace several
instruments without compromising data quality. Its unique, curved
large area detector subtends a 2θ range of 204°, at a single
detector setting, for maximum reciprocal space coverage. Inherent to
the flexibility of this system is a choice of X-ray sources, ranging
from: a high-frequency 3 kW sealed
tube, to a MicroMax™-002+
microfocus sealed tube, to a 1.2 kW MicroMax-007 HF microfocus
rotating anode generator, and to a 18kW ultra high power ultraX 18
rotating anode generator. Available optics range from a traditional
graphite monochromator or high performance SHINE optic to
an VariMax™ confocal X-ray optic. Two goniometer
configurations are available: a partial-χ arrangement for chemical
crystallography and a fixed-χ system, with manual or automatic XY
translation, for applied crystallography. The RAPID II includes a
fully integrated CCD video camera system, with zoom capabilities, to
image sample areas down to 1 micron. As the Rigaku RAPID II is
capable of analyzing samples as small as 10 microns, the system is
ideal for the non-destructive identification of small particles (and
incorporated aggregates) from a wide range of samples. In addition,
XY mapping capabilities allow the measurement at precise locations
of larger samples.
At the heart of this versatile system is the RAPID
II's curved IP detector, which has numerous advantages over other
types of X-ray detectors - the most obvious being an extremely large
active area, exceptionally low noise, and wide dynamic range. The
large curved active area is advantageous because an outsized solid
angle of data is collected in a single exposure. For example,
chemical crystallographic data exceeds by 7° the target resolution
for publication of single crystal structures determined using copper
radiation for IUCr journals. While the wide dynamic range eliminates
worrying about detector saturation, the curved-plate geometry of the
RAPID II reduces oblique-incidence X-ray absorption effects seen
with flat detectors of any kind.
>>> Click here
for more information
deCODE
biostructures, Inc. chooses Ultimate HomeLab™ system for
throughput
With the recent order for a top-of-the-line
Ultimate
HomeLab system, deCODE biostructures became a repeat Rigaku customer for protein crystallography instrumentation. Their new system, which includes an FR-E+
SuperBright™ X-ray source, two Saturn 944+ CCD
detectors, and two
ACTOR robots with RFID capability, represents the pinnacle of current highly-automated home laboratory technology.
Dr. Hidong Kim, Chief Scientific Officer, in commenting on the purchase decision, said that the new system would allow for decreased reliance on synchrotron time for structure determination work. Dr. Kim elaborated that high synchrotron beamline costs and the need for increased throughput to support deCODE's protein structure determination research as part of the NIAID funded Seattle Structural Genomics
Center for Infectious Disease, as well as a growing number of Fragments of Life™
projects for fragment lead discovery research, were factors influencing deCODE biostructures' decision to expand the capabilities of their home crystallography laboratory.
When asked what factors were primary contributors to the selection of Rigaku over other vendors, Dr. Kim cited X-ray intensity and automation. He stated that the level of development and overall integration of the automation platform was such that it would allow unattended 24/7 data collection, a capability central to the cost/benefit analysis. In addition, the deCODE biostructures system will be equipped with RFID pins to allow beginning to end automatic tracking of every crystal with data linked to our existing Crystal Miner™
database.
About deCODE chemistry,
Inc. & deCODE biostructures, Inc.
deCODE
chemistry, Inc. & deCODE biostructures, Inc.
are wholly-owned subsidiaries of deCODE genetics (NASDAQ: DCGN)
providing contract research services to world-class pharmaceutical
companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions, and
government facilities. deCODE chemistry & biostructures takes a
collaborative approach to pharmaceutical research services by
combining the expertise of deCODE chemistry in drug discovery and
development chemistry with the expertise of deCODE biostructures in
structure determination of protein-ligand complexes. deCODE
biostructures is one of the largest gene-to-structure contract
research organizations in the U.S.
UV
fluorescence imaging of protein crystals for enhanced productivity
 While
much has been in the news of late about the numerous R&D and
patent expiration problems besetting the pharmaceutical and
biotechnology industries, there are new technologies and approaches
that can address many of the historical bottlenecks. For example,
the rational drug design approach—that uses information about the
molecular structure of a drug receptor (protein) to identify or
create candidate (small molecule) drugs—determination of high
resolution 3D structures of target proteins using X-ray
crystallography is key.
Rigaku has developed
the Desktop Minstrel UV, the world's first fully automated UV
imaging and protein crystal monitoring system, to solve the twin
problems of: 1) detecting tiny protein crystals in microarray
plate wells and 2) optimizing experiments to grow suitable
crystals. The system employs a novel (patent pending) UV
illumination source and CCD camera system that can unambiguously
detect protein crystals without damaging them. Unambiguous
detection, in a well defined matrix of experimental conditions,
enables crystallization conditions to be further optimized for
growth and identification of crystals suitable for harvesting and
structure determination.
The system includes
robotics to allow automated and unassisted monitoring for up to 160
microarray crystallization plates when equipped with the Rigaku
Gallery 160 robotic plate hotel. With an Oracle 9i database backside,
the CrystalTrak software the tracks information such as
chemicals, screens, protein samples, images, and image scores. An
integral part of the Desktop Minstrel UV solution, this advanced
software differentiates the product by simplifying the
crystallization experiment process, including: providing tools that
enable users to improve crystallization trial productivity with
minimal user intervention, assisting in the design of well-targeted
experiments, making efficient use of protein samples, and setting up
reproducible optimization experiments.
The Desktop Minstrel UV
revolutionizes the entire protein crystal recognition process by
employing UV Fluorescence (UVF) imaging for fail-safe protein
crystal identification—eliminating guesswork, saving a vast amount
of time, increasing productivity, and dramatically lowering research
costs. Unlike the traditional optical microscopy approach which
images everything in a microplate well, UV illumination causes
protein crystals to fluoresce (glow)—providing a definitive level
of contrast with respect to the well solution, salt crystals, and
other artifacts of the crystallization experiment.
Fluorescence occurs
when a molecule relaxes to its ground state after being electrically
excited:
Excitation: S0
+ hν1 ⇒ S1
Fluorescence: S1 ⇒ S0 + hν2
where hν is a generic
term for photon energy, h = Planck's constant and ν = frequency of
light. State S0 is called the ground state of the fluorophore
(fluorescent molecule) and S1 is its first (electronically) excited
state. In this case, the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet (UV)
range and the emitted light is in the visible range.
Innovation and creative
engineering behind the Desktop Minstrel UV occurs at many levels: UV
illumination and detection, robotic automation for relatively high
throughput and unattended operation, advanced software that plans
crystallizations experiments, a sophisticated SQL database
architecture that links images with experiments, and provision for
interfacing with other robotic automation tools. While each aspect
of the Desktop Minstrel UV is innovative in it own right, the whole
of the tool represents a new paradigm for basic and applied research
so critical to the human race—new drug development.
>>> Click here
for more information
Analysis
of biodiesel with a Mini-Z analyzer
Phosphorus in biodiesel,
which comes from lipids in the fuel, is harmful to diesel engines,
so control of phosphorus content is crucial. Sulfur content in the
raw material is very low, which means that the content of sulfur in
biodiesel is also very low. However, since the sulfur contents in
regular gasoline is regulated for environmental reasons, the content
of sulfur in biodiesel oil is regulated as well.
| |
Phosphorus |
Sulfur |
Remarks |
|
EU |
10 ppm max. |
10 ppm max. |
EN14214 |
|
USA |
10 ppm max. |
15 ppm max. |
ASTM D6751 |
Regulations for
phosphorus and sulfur limits in biodiesel fuel (B100)
Rigaku's Mini-Z
P, S, Cl Analyzer is suitable for phosphorus analysis in
biodiesel for EN14214, ASTM D6751. It is optimized for sub-ppm
detection limits of P, S and Cl and features easy operation without
chemical treatment of the samples. Easy sample preparation and
operation reduces the need for a highly skilled operator. A helium
atmosphere is maintained in the spectroscopic chamber and sealing
film separates the sample chamber from the spectroscopic chamber,
protecting the X-ray tube and the spectrometer in the event of a
spilled oil sample.
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